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	<title>Greenly Magazine &#187; National Park</title>
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		<title>The Jiu River’s Gorge – (already) a memory of the past?</title>
		<link>https://greenly.ro/arii-protejate/the-jiu-rivers-gorge-already-a-memory-of-the-past</link>
		<comments>https://greenly.ro/arii-protejate/the-jiu-rivers-gorge-already-a-memory-of-the-past#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 09 Nov 2017 18:24:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Colaborator Greenly</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Apa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arii protejate]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[hydropowerplant]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jiu]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Jiu Gorge]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The Jiu River, an important tributary of the Danube, situated in south-western Romania, drains a watershed covering 10.080 km2 and was, until recently one of the few Romanian rivers spared from alterations caused...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center">The Jiu River, an important tributary of the Danube, situated in south-western Romania, drains a watershed covering 10.080 km<sup>2</sup> and was, until recently one of the few Romanian rivers spared from alterations caused by hydraulic works. Even with the sporadic presence of small reservoirs, with limited environmental impact and used mainly for fish farming or for producing small amounts of hydropower, the Jiu watershed was one of the wildest and most picturesque areas of Romania.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Formed at the junction of the East Jiu and the West Jiu rivers, south of the mining town of Petroșani, the Jiu River flows 300 kilometres from the north towards the south, passing through all relief types, sometimes in a spectacular manner (its waters divide the Parâng Mountains from the Retezat Godeanu Massif, drain the Gorj Subcarpathians and the Getic Piedmont and, on their last 100 kilometres, slow down and wind as a narrow strip through the Oltenia Plain before joining the blue Danube). And if we mentioned the word spectacle, we think there is no exaggeration in considering the Jiu Gorge, the final step of the river’s tumultuous Carpathian trip, as a veritable bullfight among the rocks (<b><i>Fig. 1</i></b>). Between Aninoasa (in the north) and Bumbești (in the south), there is a narrow and steep valley, sculpted on limestone cliffs and scree, which offers breathtaking views, endless research opportunities and an excellent setting for river rafting and sport fishing. From time to time, muddy, turbid water comes from upstream, after it was used to wash coal in the Petroșani basin, but this aspect too belongs to the specific character of the Jiu watershed&#8230; A much more serious cause of concern is the appearance of a chain of reservoirs between Petroșani and Tîrgu Jiu, which completely alters the hydro-sedimentary balance of the river.</p>
<p style="text-align: center"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/P1050474.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-large wp-image-16683" alt="P1050474" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/P1050474-1024x768.jpg" width="1024" height="768" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center"><b><i>Fig. 1.</i></b><i> The Jiu River inside the gorge, in a sector that will be altered by the planned hydraulic works.</i></p>
<p style="text-align: center" align="center"><i>Date of the picture: 06.08.2016</i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">The story of the “taming” of Jiu River began in the nineties, with the inauguration of the Tîrgu Jiu and Vădeni hydroelectric power stations, which drastically altered the face of the river’s dynamics. The moment when these power plants began to operate brought not only the economic benefit of cheap electricity but also substantial changes in the hydro-sedimentary dynamics, caused by the interference  of the two reservoirs with the alluviums carried by the river, which were now largely captured by these artificial lakes. Presently, after less than 30 years, ANAR (the National Water Management Agency of Romania) estimates that Vădeni Lake, the northernmost of the two, and the first one in the path of Jiu’s alluviums, is 85% silted. The effects are so obvious that sometimes, it is possible to see the thick layer of coal and sediment mud that, during dry spells, reaches the water surface. From this we can easily understand that the objectives of this dam, which are primarily to produce electricity and, secondarily, to supply potable water and defend against floods, can no longer be fulfilled, as the reservoir is currently operational for only two hours each day. At the same time, the Tîrgu Jiu reservoir (<b><i>Fig. 2</i></b>), located immediately downstream from Vădeni, is less affected by silting and pollution, being protected by its northern neighbour which takes in the solid and liquid flows of the Jiu. Nevertheless, in a not so distant future, when Vădeni Lake will be completely clogged, Tîrgu Jiu reservoir will probably share its fate.</p>
<p style="text-align: center" align="center"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/2017-06-13_17-37-43.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-large wp-image-16684" alt="OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/2017-06-13_17-37-43-1024x768.jpg" width="1024" height="768" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center" align="center"><b><i>Fig. 2. </i></b><i> Tîrgu Jiu Reservoir.</i></p>
<p style="text-align: center" align="center"><i>Picture date: 12.07.2017</i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Further upstream of Tîrgu Jiu, at the entrance in the gorge, we find yet another chain of reservoirs under construction, in the villages of Turcinești, Curtișoara and Sâmbotin. There, the minor riverbed and the floodplain are bordered in some sectors by concrete dykes and in other sectors by walls made of stone that does not originate in the region, removing all trace of the meandering course of the river as it exits the mountains. In order to work on training and altering the riverbed, the depth of Jiu River is also regulated, and sometimes becomes shallow enough to be crossed on foot, wearing rubber boots (<b><i>Fig, 3</i></b>). Almost nothing of the Jiu’s former greatness, which exited the mountains as a whirling river and then turned into a calm and wide watercourse as it crossed the plains, will be maintained in the shy body of water that is going to replace it in the sector which will be occupied by the future chain of reservoirs. When the works will be completed, the river will be completely controlled in this sector, which was once a textbook example of hydro-morphological greatness.</p>
<p style="text-align: center"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/P1050442.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-large wp-image-16685" alt="P1050442" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/P1050442-1024x768.jpg" width="1024" height="768" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center" align="center"><b><i>Fig. 3.</i></b><i> Reservoir under construction near the village of Sâmbotin. The shallow waters of the river are clearly visible.</i></p>
<p style="text-align: center" align="center"><i>Picture date: 05.08.2016</i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Further upstream, we reach our area of interest, the Jiu Gorge. Declared a National Park in 2005 and a Nature 2000 site in 2008, the gorge is protected for its habitats, which provide shelter for a variety of wild, and sometimes endemic, flora and fauna, as well as for its scientific value, revealed by the 11 hectares of natural park that contain numerous geomorphological sites. From a hydrological standpoint, the 33-kilometer long sector of the gorge is characterized by a series of rapids, waterfalls, narrows and openings of the riverbed, with many gravel obstacles which “unwind” the water, forming streams that run at different speeds and race each other to pass through the gorge. Higher up, mostly on the left side of the valley, the national road no. 66 winds along the river and offers an opportunity for thousands of eyes and cameras to capture the waters dancing below (<b><i>Fig. 4</i></b>). Even higher up, in a tunnel that pierces the rocks, we find the Bumbești – Livezeni railway line.</p>
<p style="text-align: center" align="center"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/P1050463.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-large wp-image-16686" alt="P1050463" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/P1050463-1024x768.jpg" width="1024" height="768" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center" align="center"><b><i>Fig. 4.</i></b><i>  Jiu River in the gorge, between the rocks.</i></p>
<p style="text-align: center" align="center"><i>Picture date: 06.08.2016</i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">On both sides of the river, majestic trees, both coniferous and deciduous, grace the mountainsides and cast their shadows over the gorge&#8230; This could be a very short description of this spectacular and narrow sector of the Jiu River between Petroșani and Bumbești (<b><i>Fig. 5</i></b>), a sector which has already fallen prey to the iron claws of construction machines. Under the pretext of generating green energy, at the expense of protecting precious hydrological, geological floral and faunal treasures, two full-size hydro-electric power stations and a micro hydro-electrical power station are planned to harness the kinetic energy of Jiu’s waters and of a number of its tributaries (Dumitra and Bratcu) and turn it into electricity for the next 50 years. <b><i>Renewable energy, but at what cost</i></b>? On the entire 30 kilometer long sector, the flow of the Jiu will be reduced by a factor of 5, and when it will reach the concrete reservoirs of Livezeni, Dumitra and Bumbești, its discharge will equal the lowest values ever recorded during droughts (less than 3 m<sup>3</sup>/s). The difference between this very low value and the average discharge of Jiu River in the gorge sector, which normally stands at almost 21 m<sup>3</sup>/s (as measured at Sadu hydrometric station), will be used to turn the turbines of the power plants and generate about 50 MW of energy, while using an enormous amount of water from the riverbed and leaving a small trickle, 15-20 centimeters deep, in the place where the river once ran.</p>
<p style="text-align: center"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Capture.png"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-16687" alt="Capture" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Capture.png" width="346" height="450" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center"> <b><i>Fig. 5. </i></b><i>Scheme of the Jiu ”Industrial Waterpower Park”</i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">In order to supply a constant volume of water and to control the river even during extreme hydrological periods (flash floods, flooding and low waters), the gorge will be covered in concrete slabs near the dams. Thus, the gorge sector of Jiu River will become a docile stream under the “whip” of the national hydro-electric company, an entirely different picture from the free and lively river that we know today. The images below capture the ongoing process of the gorge’s anthropization (<b><i>Fig. 6 and 7</i></b>).</p>
<p style="text-align: center"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/P1040504.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-large wp-image-16688" alt="P1040504" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/P1040504-1024x768.jpg" width="1024" height="768" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center"> <b><i>Fig. 6. </i></b><i>Hydraulic works in the gorge</i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">And if this was not dramatic enough, the interventions affecting the riverbed and the discharge of the Jiu River have been carried out without respecting the law. On the contrary, there are major questions, highlighted by petitions drawn by concerned citizens, court complaints and press articles, regarding the legality of starting and then continuing the hydraulic works carried out in the Jiu’s gorge starting from 2003 and continuing up to the present day. More information on the legal aspects of this ongoing struggle will be presented in a future article.</p>
<p style="text-align: center" align="center"> <img alt="" src="https://apis.mail.yahoo.com/ws/v3/mailboxes/@.id==VjJ-pMeG_69xC5glc1SaEqXbjLX3GqXtg86K20bkblaebxGmY-_uNJan2XqUk1K9ZOyi/messages/@.id==ANjN2goAAD6wWgSbhwSnaC67P0M/content/parts/@.id==3/thumbnail?appId=YahooMailNeo&amp;downloadWhenThumbnailFails=false&amp;pid=3" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center" align="center"><b><i>Fig. 7. </i></b><i>Hydraulic works in the gorge</i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Until then, you should try to find out for yourself the true cost of generating green energy and decide what is more important: a few megawatts of electricity, which could also be generated using more modern and less polluting techniques for harnessing conventional energy sources or the mirage of a few hundreds of jobs and some “green certificates” stolen from nature in disregard of the protected status of the Jiu River’s gorge.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><b>Sources:</b></p>
<ul style="text-align: justify">
<li>Administraţia Bazinală de Apă Jiu, (2016), PLANUL DE MANAGEMENT  AL BAZINULUI HIDROGRAFIC JIU. CICLUL Al II – lea: 2016 – 2021, 313 p.</li>
<li>Administrația Națională ”Apele Române”, Memoriu de Evaluare de Mediu (SEA) pentru  „Planul pentru Prevenirea, Protecţia si Diminuarea Efectelor Inundatiilor în Bazinul Hidrografic JIU”, 220 p.</li>
<li>Aquaproiect, (2012), Planul pentru Prevenirea, Protectia și Diminuarea Efectelor Inundațiilor în Bazinul Hidrografic Jiu, 149 p.</li>
<li>Hidroelectrica, (2000), Colmatarea lacului Vădeni – sursă de risc pentru locuitorii municipiului Târgu-Jiu, 9 p.</li>
<li>Uscătescu, M.A., (2013), Impactul asupra mediului produs de amenajările hidroenergetice de mică putere, 63 p.</li>
<li>OUG 57/2007 din 20 iunie 2007 privind regimul ariilor naturale protejate, conservarea habitatelor naturale, a florei şi faunei sălbatice: <a href="http://www.mmediu.ro/app/webroot/uploads/files/2012-08-08_legislatie_protectia_naturii_oug57din2007regimariinaturaleprotejate.pdf">http://www.mmediu.ro/app/webroot/uploads/files/2012-08-08_legislatie_protectia_naturii_oug57din2007regimariinaturaleprotejate.pdf</a></li>
<li>H.G. 1581/2005-privind instituirea regimului de arie naturala protejata pentru noi zone: <a href="https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/hazdgmru/hotararea-nr-1581-2005-privind-instituirea-regimului-de-arie-naturala-protejata-pentru-noi-zone">https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/hazdgmru/hotararea-nr-1581-2005-privind-instituirea-regimului-de-arie-naturala-protejata-pentru-noi-zone</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcul_Na%C8%9Bional_Defileul_Jiului">https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcul_Na%C8%9Bional_Defileul_Jiului</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.defileuljiului.ro/">http://www.defileuljiului.ro/</a></li>
<li><a href="http://adevarul.ro/news/societate/parcul-national-defileul-jiului-pericol-distrugere-1_5927eab15ab6550cb876c922/index.html">http://adevarul.ro/news/societate/parcul-national-defileul-jiului-pericol-distrugere-1_5927eab15ab6550cb876c922/index.html</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sites.google.com/site/romanianatura38/home/defileul-jiului-valcan-parang-bumbesti-livezeni">https://sites.google.com/site/romanianatura38/home/defileul-jiului-valcan-parang-bumbesti-livezeni</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.romaniacurata.ro/exclusiv-jiul-va-ajunge-un-paraias-dupa-ce-statul-va-finaliza-o-investitie-hidroenergetica-de-1-miliard-de-lei-demarata-pe-baza-datelor-livrate-de-firma-controlata-de-un-ministru-psd/">http://www.romaniacurata.ro/exclusiv-jiul-va-ajunge-un-paraias-dupa-ce-statul-va-finaliza-o-investitie-hidroenergetica-de-1-miliard-de-lei-demarata-pe-baza-datelor-livrate-de-firma-controlata-de-un-ministru-psd/</a></li>
<li><a href="http://epochtimes-romania.com/news/opriti-distrugerea-defileului-jiului-petitie-on-line-strange-mii-de-semnaturi---257902">http://epochtimes-romania.com/news/opriti-distrugerea-defileului-jiului-petitie-on-line-strange-mii-de-semnaturi–257902</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.agerpres.ro/mediu/2017/05/17/organizatiile-de-mediu-parcul-national-defileul-jiului-in-pericol-de-distrugere-din-cauza-lucrarilor-hidroenergetice-11-52-52">https://www.agerpres.ro/mediu/2017/05/17/organizatiile-de-mediu-parcul-national-defileul-jiului-in-pericol-de-distrugere-din-cauza-lucrarilor-hidroenergetice-11-52-52</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.gds.ro/Local/2016-07-14/depoluarea-lacului-de-la-vadeni,-stabilita-instanta/">http://www.gds.ro/Local/2016-07-14/depoluarea-lacului-de-la-vadeni,-stabilita-instanta/</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.natgeo.ro/romania/natura-ro/24251-jiul-mutilat-de-o-hidrocentrala">https://www.natgeo.ro/romania/natura-ro/24251-jiul-mutilat-de-o-hidrocentrala</a></li>
<li><a href="https://natura2000.ro/comunicat-de-presa-cat-de-grave-vor-fi-efectele-hidrocentralelor-din-defileul-jiului/">https://natura2000.ro/comunicat-de-presa-cat-de-grave-vor-fi-efectele-hidrocentralelor-din-defileul-jiului/</a></li>
<li><a href="http://greenly.ro/arii-protejate/defileul-jiului-deja-o-amintire">http://greenly.ro/arii-protejate/defileul-jiului-deja-o-amintire</a></li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify"><em><b>Article written by Gabriela Moroşanu and translated by Mihail-Andreas Mitoşeriu</b></em></p>
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		<title>Altfel de păduri &#8211; Pădurile pietrificate (Partea I)</title>
		<link>https://greenly.ro/arii-protejate/altfel-de-paduri-padurile-pietrificate-partea-i</link>
		<comments>https://greenly.ro/arii-protejate/altfel-de-paduri-padurile-pietrificate-partea-i#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Jan 2013 05:01:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Colaborator Greenly</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Cred că aproape oricine a văzut o pădure. Spun „aproape” pentru că mă gândesc și la locuitorii acelor zone despre care noi am învățat că sunt mult prea reci sau mult prea calde...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//uncategorized/altfel-de-paduri-padurile-pietrificate-partea-i/attachment/petrified-forest-national-park-1/" rel="attachment wp-att-7404"><img class="alignleft size-full wp-image-7404" alt="Petrified Forest National Park - Arizona" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2013/01/petrified-forest-national-park-1.jpg" width="600" height="366" /></a>Cred că aproape oricine a văzut o pădure. Spun „aproape” pentru că mă gândesc și la locuitorii acelor zone despre care noi am învățat că sunt mult prea reci sau mult prea calde pentru a avea această posibilitate. Deși există și acolo, uneori, păduri.  E adevărat, nu verzi, cu ramuri îmbrățișate, cu frunze murmurătoare și la fel de primitoare, dar tot păduri. Unele conțin lemn, altele numai piatră, însă chiar și așa ele își păstrează puterea de a ne atrage privirile, uimirile și ne așteaptă cuminți să le revedem.<a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//uncategorized/altfel-de-paduri-padurile-pietrificate-partea-i/attachment/petrified-forest-tree-15-4/" rel="attachment wp-att-7405"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-7405" alt="Petrified forest tree" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2013/01/petrified-forest-tree-15.4-300x300.jpg" width="300" height="300" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">O astfel de pădure este <strong>pădurea pietrificată din Arizona</strong>. Se pare că arborii pietrificați nu s-au născut, n-au trăit și n-au murit pe locul unde se găsesc astăzi, ci au fost aduși de la mare distanță, odată cu aluviunile și rocile vulcanice transportate de numeroși torenți în această zonă, reprezentând o fostă câmpie mlăștinoasă.  Ca mărturie stă faptul că nu s-a găsit nicio urmă fosilă a frunzelor lor, în timp ce peste 30 de specii de plante foarte fragile, care trăiau în regiunile mlăștinoase în acea perioadă, au fost găsite fosilizate.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Dar cum a avut loc pietrificarea?</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//uncategorized/altfel-de-paduri-padurile-pietrificate-partea-i/attachment/pefo/" rel="attachment wp-att-7406"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-7406" alt="Petrified tree" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2013/01/pefo-300x139.jpg" width="300" height="139" /></a>În condiții obișnuite, lemnul acumulat în acest fel s-ar fi transformat în cărbune. Însă, datorită sărurilor minerale în care a predominat siliciul, lemnul s-a impregnat treptat, mineralizându-se.  Astfel, sărurile minerale pătrunse odată cu infiltrația apei au înlocuit aerul aflat în spațiile din țesutul lemnos. Sarea care a contribuit în cea mai mare măsură la pietrificare ar fi fost în acest caz oxidul de siliciu, a cărui culoare, albă la început, a fost alterată apoi de alți oxizi în roșu, brun și galben, cu o splendidă gamă de nuanțe. Ulterior pădurea a fost acoperită de un strat de sedimente roșii și galbene, dar vântul și apa le-au înlăturat, dezvelind ceea ce se vede astăzi.<a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//uncategorized/altfel-de-paduri-padurile-pietrificate-partea-i/attachment/painteddeserttawapoint11061301/" rel="attachment wp-att-7407"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-7407" alt="Painted Desert (Desertul Pictat)" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2013/01/PaintedDesertTawaPoint11061301-300x200.jpg" width="300" height="200" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Pădurea Pietrificată din Arizona</strong> cuprinde, de fapt, <strong>patru areale de vechi păduri adevărate</strong>, <strong>pietrificate</strong> ca urmare a procesului amintit, respectiv: <strong>Blue Mesa Forest, Jasper Forest, Crystal Forest și Rainbow Forest</strong>.  În plus, în această zonă se află Black Forest, un areal de badlands-uri, de coline modelate de apă și vânt, culminând cu stânca Pilot Rock la 1900 m.  De asemenea, există alte stânci pitorești, între care Newspaper Rock, vechi ruine pueblo, îndeosebi cele din punctul cunoscut sub numele de Puerco Indian Ruin, după numele râului în apropierea căruia se află. Există chiar și <strong>un muzeu: Rainbow Forest Museum</strong>.<a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//uncategorized/altfel-de-paduri-padurile-pietrificate-partea-i/attachment/painted-desert-petrified-forest-436_thumb1/" rel="attachment wp-att-7408"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-7408" alt="Rainbow Forest Museum" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Painted-Desert-Petrified-Forest-436_thumb1-300x225.jpg" width="300" height="225" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Toate acestea sunt protejate în cadrul <strong>Parcului Național al Pădurii Pietrificate (Petrified Forest National Park)</strong>, desfășurat pe 38 km²,  înființat pentru a le putea apăra  împotriva „amatorilor de amintiri”. Acesta reprezintă doar un mic petic al unei zone foarte aparte, cunoscută sub numele de <strong>Deșertul Pictat (Painted Desert)</strong>, devenit cunoscut pentru remarcabila succesiune armonioasă de nuanțe  pe care marnele, argilele și gresiile o dezvăluie, rezultate din eroziunea inegală a stratelor de sedimente având vârste și culori diferite.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//uncategorized/altfel-de-paduri-padurile-pietrificate-partea-i/attachment/4641658-valley_with_rising_rock_ridges_petrified_forest_national_park/" rel="attachment wp-att-7409"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-7409" alt="Petrified Forest National Park" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2013/01/4641658-Valley_with_rising_rock_ridges_Petrified_Forest_National_Park-300x182.jpg" width="300" height="182" /></a>Interesant de menționat este faptul că, amerindienii din zonă folosesc nisipurile colorate de aici pentru a-si fabrica vopselele utilizate pentru colorarea corpului &#8211; nu întâmplător au fost numite „pieile roșii”- precum și pentru faimoasele lor picturi alcătuite din compoziții circulare pictate pe suprafețe de pământ netede.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Dincolo de apariția, evoluția sau moartea acestor păduri, întreb: <strong>oare acești arbori ascund și un suflet pietrificat?<a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//uncategorized/altfel-de-paduri-padurile-pietrificate-partea-i/attachment/tiponi-point/" rel="attachment wp-att-7410"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-7410" alt="Petrified Forest National Park" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Tiponi-Point--300x225.jpg" width="300" height="225" /></a></strong></p>
<p><strong>Surse bibliografice și foto :</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.petrified.forest.national-park.com/">http://www.petrified.forest.national-park.com/</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.nps.gov/pefo/index.htm">http://www.nps.gov/pefo/index.htm</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.shannontech.com/ParkVision/PetForest/PetForest.html">http://www.shannontech.com/ParkVision/PetForest/PetForest.html</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.npca.org/parks/petrified-forest-national-park.html">http://www.npca.org/parks/petrified-forest-national-park.html</a></p>
<p><a href="http://everywhereonce.com/2012/07/06/petrified-forest-national-park/">http://everywhereonce.com/2012/07/06/petrified-forest-national-park/</a></p>
<p><a href="http://photo.net/equipment/where-to-buy">http://photo.net/equipment/where-to-buy</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/North_America/United_States_of_America/Arizona/Petrified_Forest_National_Park-750107/Things_To_Do-Petrified_Forest_National_Park-TG-C-1.html">http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/North_America/United_States_of_America/Arizona/Petrified_Forest_National_Park-750107/Things_To_Do-Petrified_Forest_National_Park-TG-C-1.html</a></p>
<p><a href="http://directionofourdreams.blogspot.ro/2011/06/painted-desert.html">http://directionofourdreams.blogspot.ro/2011/06/painted-desert.html</a></p>
<p><a href="http://2dodges2go.blogspot.ro/2011_10_01_archive.html">http://2dodges2go.blogspot.ro/2011_10_01_archive.html</a></p>
<p><a href="http://seniorhikerphotos.blogspot.ro/2011/08/painted-desert-from-tawa-point.html">http://seniorhikerphotos.blogspot.ro/2011/08/painted-desert-from-tawa-point.html</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>Articol realizat de Anca Milea</strong></p>
<p><strong>Master Geormorfologie cu elemente de cadastru (Anul I)</strong>
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		<title>Despre Parcul National Peak District, Anglia (Partea I)</title>
		<link>https://greenly.ro/arii-protejate/despre-parcul-national-peak-district-anglia-partea-i</link>
		<comments>https://greenly.ro/arii-protejate/despre-parcul-national-peak-district-anglia-partea-i#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 07 Feb 2012 07:13:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Sinziana Buliga</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Arii protejate]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Am avut sansa de a ajunge sa vizitez Parcul National Peak District in toamna lui 2009. M-a atins farmecul locului acesta simplu, relatia oamenilor cu mediul inconjurator apropiat, respectul fata de traditii si...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Am avut sansa de a ajunge sa vizitez Parcul National Peak District in toamna lui 2009. M-a atins farmecul locului acesta simplu, relatia oamenilor cu mediul inconjurator apropiat, respectul fata de traditii si patrimoniul cultural per ansamblu. Infrastructura Parcului National este impecabila, iar ca turist, am ramas masca la “gramada” de oportunitati de a-mi petrece timpul liber.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Unde este si ce gasim acolo?</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Peak District este localizat la sudul Muntilor Penini, intre Sheffield si Manchester, acopera aproape 1500 km² si este casa pentru aproape 38,000 locuitori. Acestia se ocupa cu agricultura, industria miniera si turismul. Datorita pozitionarii in “inima” Angliei, parcul este foarte accesibil, primind 22 milioane de vizitatori anual. Acesta iese in evidenta ca o oaza de frumusete rurala nealterata.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2012/02/DSC02415.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-1519" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2012/02/DSC02415-769x1024.jpg" alt="" width="769" height="1024" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In ceea ce priveste peisajul, aici se gasesc doua unitati denumite Peak Districts, cunoscute sub numele de “Varful Intunecat” (<em>Dark Peak</em>) si “Varful Alb” (<em>White Peak</em>). Cel alb isi ia denumirea de la rocile albe de calcar, dominante in centrul si sudul parcului. Acest platou intins este impartit de raurile care il strabat, in vai dramatice, abrupte, atat de faimoase vizitatorilor. Varful Intunecat, in contrast, este denumit dupa pietrele de moara de un gri aproape clerical, de gresie; Dark Peak inconjoara White Peak in forma de potcoava. Aparand parca in franjuri, cu margini abrupte si imbatranite de vreme, acesta este cel mai inalt (636m) si salbatic areal din parc.  Cele doua Peak Districts sunt despartite de raurile Derwent si Wye, pe vaile carora se afla cele mai multe dintre asezari.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Arie protejata?</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">La granita dintre tinut muntos si campie, parcul reprezinta “ultima bucata” de peisaj nealterat intre orasele industriale Manchester, Sheffield, West Yorkshire. Areale vaste din Dark Peak constituie arii speciale de conservare si arii de protectie speciala, pentru habitatele de tip “moorland” (in cadrul biomului pajistilor temperate, caracterizate prin vegetatie care se dezvolta lent, de ierburi si arbusti pitici, soluri acide si ceata densa) pentru pasari cum ar fi ploierul auriu (<em>Pluvialis apricaria</em>), soimul calator (<em>Falco peregrinus</em>) sau soimul de iarna <em>(Falco columbarius</em>). In parc sunt peste 60 de situri de interes stiintific si Rezervatia naturala Vaile Derbyshire, ce ocupa 356 ha din cele mai frumoase vai calcaroase, bogate in flori, ale Varfului Alb.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2012/02/DSC02477.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-1520" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2012/02/DSC02477-1024x769.jpg" alt="" width="1024" height="769" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Autoritatea Parcului National Peak Districts a adoptat o fraza extraordinara ca si declaratie oficiala a viziunii asupra parcului: “<em>Ne pasa de peisajul viu”</em>. Aceasta reflecta faptul ca de multe mii de ani, oamenii si-au construit casele in Peak District, au creat patrimoniul din terenuri, ferme, campuri, paduri si sate, toate impartite cu viata salbatica. Autoritatea parcului colaboreaza cu cetatenii pentru a conserva acest loc special. Isi propune sa pastreze ceea ce e mai bun si sa ia decizii corecte pentru imbunatatiri, cu obiectivul ca viitoarele generatii sa aibe <em>oportunitatea de a-i putea aprecia frumusetea</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>STIATI CA Parcul National Peak District&#8230;?</strong></p>
<ol style="text-align: justify;">
<li>A fost primul Parc National din Marea Britanie, desemnat in 1951?</li>
<li>Este al doilea cel mai vizitat Parc National din lume, dupa Muntele Fuji din Japonia?</li>
<li>Este cea mai nordica locatie la care se gasesc specii sudice, cum ar fi Soimul randunelelor (<em>Falco subbuteo</em>) sau Clopotelul tapului (<em>Campanula trachelium</em>)?</li>
<li>Este cea mai sudica locatie la care se gasesc specii nordice, cum ar fi Iepurele zapezilor (<em>Lepus timidus</em>) sau Murul pitic (<em>Rubus Chamaemorus</em>)?</li>
<li>Este singurul loc din lume unde se gaseste muschiul de pamant Derbyshire (<em>Thamnobryum angustifolium)?</em></li>
<li>Este gazda Campionatului Mondial de Lupte cu Degetul de la Picior, tinut anual in luna iunie, la Wetton? :)</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify;">PS: In partea a doua revin cu activitatile de recreere in parc, precum si o reteta locala!</p>
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<p>Fotografiile sunt realizate de autoarea articolului.
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