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	<title>Greenly Magazine &#187; specii extincte</title>
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		<title>Islands – an endless source of biodiversity</title>
		<link>https://greenly.ro/arii-protejate/islands-an-endless-source-of-biodiversity</link>
		<comments>https://greenly.ro/arii-protejate/islands-an-endless-source-of-biodiversity#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 08 Jun 2014 21:12:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Colaborator Greenly</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Arii protejate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[biodiversitate]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[We are talking more and more about biodiversity: we know it has to be protected, it represents a priority of the European Union’s policies and we are aware that the changes it suffers,...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify" align="center">We are talking more and more about biodiversity: we know it has to be protected, it represents a priority of the European Union’s policies and we are aware that the changes it suffers, be it on a local or global scale, carry with them serious effects for the entire planet. But what exactly is biodiversity – and how can we celebrate it?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><span style="color: #008000"><strong>What is biodiversity?</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">When we discuss biodiversity, we essentially refer to the variations of life on Earth. Nevertheless, for practical reasons, we need a more complex approach of this notion.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Thus, we can speak of a <b>diversity of ecosystems</b> – their variability across the world, and by ecosystems we mean a community of organisms and environments, with both biotic and abiotic components; <b>a diversity of species</b>, the entire array of plant and animal species and, finally, <b>a genetic biodiversity</b>, all the genetic characteristics of a species.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Photo-20140319193514.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-15163" alt="Photo 20140319193514" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Photo-20140319193514-287x300.jpg" width="287" height="300" /></a>May the 22nd was proclaimed the International Day of Biological Biodiversity through a decision taken by the General Assembly of the UN on December 20<sup>th</sup> 2000, when the date of adoption for the Convention on Biological Biodiversity was adopted – 22<sup>nd</sup> of May. For 2014, the theme was Island biodiversity, because islands represent a treasure-trove for scientists working in the field of biodiversity: each one is a unique ecosystem due to its isolation, which determined the apparition and evolution of endemic plant and animal species</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><strong><span style="color: #008000">Why are islands so important</span>?</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Probably the most important example of the importance and biological uniqueness of islands comes from the research of Charles Darwin in Galapagos. Among other, he observed the local populations of finches (<i>Geospizinae</i>) and noticed elements that later would form the pillars of his theory of evolution by natural selection. All finches looked similar, except for their beaks, which were either short and narrow, or long and wide, rounded, and so on. Darwin came up with the hypothesis all these birds evolved from a common ancestor who migrated on the islands, and the differences in beaks appeared as an adaptation to different diets.</p>
<p style="text-align: center"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Finches.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-15161" style="border: 1px solid black" alt="Finches" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Finches-300x198.jpg" width="300" height="198" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Therefore, islands provide a favorable environment for the development and evolution of unique species because of their isolation from continents. An island species tends to become narrowly adapted in order to occupy a small ecological niche in order to survive, due to the fact that resources are limited on an island. Thus, creatures end up possessing specific characteristics and adaptations, such as gigantism, dwarfism, particular defense mechanisms, the loss of flight (for birds), etc.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Islands, seen as hotspots of biodiversity, harbor a greater concentration o endemic species than continents. For example, more than 98% of all species found in Hawaii are endemic to this region. In Mauritius, around 50% of plants, mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians are endemic. Cuba has 18 endemic mammal species whereas Guatemala and Honduras, both located on the mainland, only have 3.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Because they are isolated and have limited surface and resources, islands are also very vulnerable. Among the 724 extinctions recorded over the last 400 years, around half affected island-dwelling species. Among the changes that impacted on our relation with the environment during the last decades, islands face new threats to their fragile environment: pollution, invasive species, habitat destruction, over-exploitation of resources and species and finally, climate change. These alterations harm not only biodiversity, but also the local economies, since inhabitants of islands belonging to developing nations depend more than us on natural resources.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><span style="color: #993300"><strong><em>For more information on island biodiversity, visit the <a title="website of the Convention on Biodiversity" href="http://www.cbd.int/idb/">website of the Convention on Biodiversity</a>.</em></strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Biodiversity.jpg"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-15162" alt="Biodiversity" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Biodiversity-300x183.jpg" width="300" height="183" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>Pictures taken from: <a href="http://www.briangwolff.com/Env%20Bio%20Class/Finches.jpg" target="_blank">1,</a> <a href="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-jZaxaoEi80M/Uyo3IZLYCtI/AAAAAAAASQE/qIiBUu-lz2Q/s2048/Photo%25252020140319193514.jpg" target="_blank">2,</a> <a href="http://www.greenrooftechnology.com/Pictures%20from%20JBi/Biodiversity.jpg" target="_blank">3.</a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>Sources of information: <a href="http://www.cbd.int/island/intro.shtml" target="_blank">1,</a> <a href="https://www.cbd.int/idb/2014/" target="_blank">2,</a> <a href="http://www.biodiversity.ru/coastlearn/bio-eng/boxes/geneticdiv.html" target="_blank">3,</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" target="_blank">4,</a> <a href="http://teoria-evolutiei.wikispaces.com/Cintezele+din+Galapagos+descoperite+de+Darwin" target="_blank">5.</a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><strong><em>Article written by Magda Baidan and translated by Mihail Mitoșeriu.</em></strong></p>
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		<title>Insulele &#8211; rezervor de biodiversitate!</title>
		<link>https://greenly.ro/biodiversitate/insulele-rezervor-de-biodiversitate</link>
		<comments>https://greenly.ro/biodiversitate/insulele-rezervor-de-biodiversitate#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 May 2014 08:15:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Magda Baidan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biodiversitate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[biodiversitate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cinteze]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[conservarea biodiversitatii]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Darwin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[diversitate biologica]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[diversitate ecosistemica]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[diversitate genetica]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[diversitate specifica]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[extinctie]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Galapagos]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Hawaii]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[revista de mediu]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[specii plante]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[vulnerabilitate]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Ziua Internationala a Biodiversitatii]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://greenly.ro/?p=15160</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Vorbim tot mai mult despre biodiversitate: stim ca trebuie conservata, ca face parte din prioritatile politice ale Uniunii Europene, ca modificarile sale, fie la nivel local, fie global, aduc cu sine efecte complexe...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify">Vorbim tot mai mult despre biodiversitate: stim ca trebuie conservata, ca face parte din prioritatile politice ale Uniunii Europene, ca modificarile sale, fie la nivel local, fie global, aduc cu sine efecte complexe asupra intregului Pamant. Ce este, insa, biodiversitatea &#8211; si cum o sarbatorim?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><strong><span style="color: #008000">Ce este biodiversitatea?</span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Cand vorbim despre biodiversitate, ne referim, in esenta, la variatatile formelor de viata de pe Terra. Insa este necesara o abordare mai complexa a termenului, in primul rand din considerende practice.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Astfel, putem vorbi despre o <b>biodiversitate ecosistemica</b> – variatatea ecosistemelor de pe glob, adica a comunitatilor de organisme si medii, componente biotice si abiotice; o <b>biodiversitate specifica</b>, inteneasa ca intreaga paleta a speciilor vegetale si animale si, in fine, o <b>biodiversitate genetica</b>, adica totalitatea caracteristicilor genetice a unei specii.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Photo-20140319193514.jpg"><img class="alignleft size-large wp-image-15163" alt="Photo 20140319193514" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Photo-20140319193514-980x1024.jpg" width="194" height="201" /></a>22 mai este Ziua Internationala a Diversitatii Biologice, stabilita astfel de catre hotararea Adunarii Generale a Organizatiei Natiunilor Unite (O.N.U.) care, la 20 decembrie 2000, a proclamat data adoptarii Conventiei pentru Diversitate Biologica – 22 mai. Tema anului 2014 este Biodiversitatea insulelor, intrucat acestea reprezinta adevarate comori pentru oamenii de stiinta care lucreaza in domeniu: insulele constituie, fiecare in parte, ecosisteme unice, deoarece prin izolarea lor au determinat mentinerea si evolutia unor specii de plante si animale endemice.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><span style="color: #008000"><strong>De ce sunt importante insulele?</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Probabil cel mai cunoscut exemplu care indica importanta si unicitatea biologica a insulelor ne-a fost dat&#8230; de la sursa, adica prin cercetarile naturalistului Charles Darwin in insula Galapagos. Printre multe altele, acesta a realizat o serie de observatii referitoare la populatiile locale de cinteze (<i>Geospizinae</i>) si a remarcat ceea ce, mai tarziu, avea sa fie unul dintre pilonii teoriei evolutiei prin selectie naturala. Toate cintezele aratau asemanator, cu exceptia ciocurilor, care erau fie scurte si ascutite, lungi si late, rotunjite etc. Darwin a lansat ipoteza conform careia toate aceste pasari au evoluat dintr-un stramos comun care a migrat pe insula, iar ca diferentele dintre ciocuri au aparut ca urmare a adaptarii acestora la diferite tipuri de diete.</p>
<p style="text-align: center"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Finches.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-15161 aligncenter" alt="Finches" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Finches.jpg" width="427" height="282" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Insulele ofera, asadar, un mediu propice pentru dezvoltarea si evolutia speciilor unice, tocmai prin izolarea lor fata de uscat. O specie insulara tinde sa devina extrem de specializata, sa ocupe o nisa ecologica fina, pentru a putea supravietui, avand in vedere faptul ca resursele sunt extrem de limitate. Astfel, acestea ajung sa posede caracteristici si adaptari specifice, cum ar fi gigantismul, nanismul, mecanisme de protectie speciale, pierderea capacitatii de zbor (in cazul pasarilor).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Insulele, considerate <i>puncte fierbinti</i> din punct de vedere al biodiversitatii, adapostesc o concentratie mai ridicata de specii endemice decat continentele. De exemplu, mai mult de 95% dintre speciile existente in Hawaii sunt endemice acestei zone. In Mauritius, circa 50% dintre speciile de plante superioare, mamifere, pasari, reptile si anfibieni sunt endemice. Insula Cuba are 18 specii de mamifere endemice, pe cand statele Guatemala si Honduras, aflate pe continent, au doar cate 3.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Fiind izolate si avand o suprafata si resurse limitate, acestea sunt si extrem de vulnerabile. Din cele 724 de extinctii inregistrate in ultimii 400 de ani, cam jumatate s-au referit la specii insulare. O data cu modificarile in relatia om-mediu din ultimele decenii, insulele au inceput sa fie supuse unei noi serii de amenintari, care le pun in pericol mediul fragil: poluare, specii invazive, modificarea habitatelor, supraexploatarea resurselor si speciior, schimbarile climatice. Aceste modificari nu pun in pericol doar biodiversitatea, dar si economia locala, intrucat locuitorii insulelor apartinand statelor in curs de dezvoltare depind intr-o importanta masura de resursele naturale.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Pentru mai multe informatii privind biodiversitatea insulelor, vizitati <a title="CDB" href="http://www.cbd.int/idb/" target="_blank">site-ul Conventiei pentru Biodiversitate</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Biodiversity.jpg"><img class="alignright size-full wp-image-15162" alt="Biodiversity" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Biodiversity.jpg" width="964" height="589" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Surse foto: <a href="http://www.briangwolff.com/Env%20Bio%20Class/Finches.jpg" target="_blank">1,</a> <a href="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-jZaxaoEi80M/Uyo3IZLYCtI/AAAAAAAASQE/qIiBUu-lz2Q/s2048/Photo%25252020140319193514.jpg" target="_blank">2,</a> <a href="http://www.greenrooftechnology.com/Pictures%20from%20JBi/Biodiversity.jpg" target="_blank">3.</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Surse info: <a href="http://www.cbd.int/island/intro.shtml" target="_blank">1,</a> <a href="https://www.cbd.int/idb/2014/" target="_blank">2,</a> <a href="http://www.biodiversity.ru/coastlearn/bio-eng/boxes/geneticdiv.html" target="_blank">3,</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" target="_blank">4,</a> <a href="http://teoria-evolutiei.wikispaces.com/Cintezele+din+Galapagos+descoperite+de+Darwin" target="_blank">5.</a></p>
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		<title>O lume fara oameni: marile extinctii (I)</title>
		<link>https://greenly.ro/biodiversitate/o-lume-fara-oameni-marile-extinctii-i</link>
		<comments>https://greenly.ro/biodiversitate/o-lume-fara-oameni-marile-extinctii-i#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 20 Jun 2012 06:30:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Magda Baidan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biodiversitate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2012]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[apocalipsa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Barnosky]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[dinozauri]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://greenly.ro/?p=3820</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Oamenii s-au temut întotdeauna de incontrolabil si de neprevazut, iar teama de sfârsit, de moarte, reprezinta poate cel mai bun exemplu. Apocalipsa a fost vazuta în mii de feluri, prezisa sau presimtita, astfel...]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Oamenii s-au temut întotdeauna de incontrolabil si de neprevazut, iar teama de sfârsit, de moarte, reprezinta poate cel mai bun exemplu. Apocalipsa a fost vazuta în mii de feluri, prezisa sau presimtita, astfel ca, de-a lungul timpului, am supravietuit unui numar impresionant de date fatale si&#8230;fataliste. Într-adevar, multi prezicatori au preferat datele “rotunde”: 500, 800, 1000, 1600&#8230; ani de teroare pentru cei care traiau atunci, întrucât specialistii în domeniu considerau ca acela urma sa fie sfârsitul. Generatiile actuale au trait si ele astfel de momente: 1999 – sau Apocalipsa prezisa de Nostradamus, 2000: sfârsitul lumii conform multor personalitati, inclusiv Isaac Newton (!) si, mai nou, decembrie 2012, când vom pieri fie din cauza unui razboi, a unei coliziuni cu un corp extraterestru sau din cauza exploziei unei supernove (aceasta ultima varianta este deosebit de apreciata – umoristic vorbind – de astronomi). Trebuie mentionat, pentru a nu fi partinitori, ca diversele apocalipse nu erau prezise doar de religie, dar si de oameni de stiinta (fireste, în numar semnificativ redus).<br />
Sfârsitul lumii este un fapt: lumea, asa cum o stim noi, nu va exista etern, însa este foarte exagerat sa-i prezicem o data de expirare, la fel de exagerat fiind sa presupunem ca sfârsitul va veni cu siguranta din cer. Însa – si nu de putine ori – Terra s-a aflat în pragul unui colaps ireversibil, din cauza unor evenimente care au reprezentat, pentru extrem de multe specii, o veritabila apocalipsa.</p>
<div id="attachment_3837" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 500px"><a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Snow-Leopard.jpg"><img class="size-full wp-image-3837" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Snow-Leopard.jpg" alt="Leopardul zapezilor, specie aflata in pericol conform IUCN Redlist" width="500" height="334" /></a>
<p class="wp-caption-text">Leopardul zapezilor, specie aflata in pericol conform IUCN Redlist</p>
</div>
<p>Extinctii pe Glob</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Cca. 98% din speciile care au trait vreodata pe Glob sunt extincte. Este posibil? Da, întrucât viata de pe planeta noastra a trecut prin cinci exctinctii diferite în timp geologic:<br />
- Ordovician (cu 443 milioane de ani în urma, 86% din specii au devenit extincte);<br />
- Devonian (cu 359 milioane de ani în urma, 75% din specii au devenit extincte);<br />
- Permian (cu 251 milioane de ani în urma, 96% din specii au devenit extincte);<br />
- Triasic (cu 200 milioane de ani în urma, 80% din specii au devenit extincte);<br />
- Cretacic (acum 65 milioane de ani, 76% din specii au devenit extincte, inclusiv prietenii nostri, dinozaurii).<a href="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2012/06/320px-Extinction_intensity.svg_1.png"><img class="aligncenter  wp-image-3845" src="http://greenly.ro/greenly.ro//wp-content/uploads/2012/06/320px-Extinction_intensity.svg_1.png" alt="" width="341" height="207" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Se presupune ca acestea (cunoscute în literatura sub numele de “Big five”) au fost cauzate de situatii complexe legate de dinamica si compozitia atmosferica, un vulcanism extrem de activ, modificari ale nivelului marii sau de instabilitati ecologice, ori de impactul cu un asteroid, în ultimul caz. Anthony Barnosky, paleoecologist si profesor la Universitatea din Montana, USA, indica faptul ca tot mai multi experti accepta o a sasea extinctie, actuala, determinata de oameni, notând ca principale cauze utilizarea excesiva a resurselor, fragmentarea habitatelor, introducerea de specii alogene si de boli în habitate, uciderea directa a speciilor si schimbarile climatice globale.<br />
În ceea ce priveste ratele de extinctie, acelasi specialist indica faptul ca ratele actuale, calculate pentru ultimii 500 de ani, sunt mai mari (pentru pasari, mamifere, amfibieni – evaluate complet) sau la fel de mari (pentru reptile – rezultat nesigur, întrucât doar 19% din specii au fost analizate) ca si ratele de extinctie care ar fi produs cele 5 extinctii majore, însa în perioade semnificativ mai mari.<br />
Daca toate speciile listate astazi ca “în pericol” ar disparea în urmatorul secol – spune Barnosky – amfibienii, pasarile si mamiferele ar atinge ratele de extinctie ale “Big five” în ~240 – 540 ani.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Însa trebuie sa ne mai punem o întrebare: care este efectul acestei a sasea extinctii asupra oamenilor, ca specie? Oare facem parte din supravietuitori, sau vom disparea si noi, la fel ca si alti stapâni ai planetei, dinozaurii? Mai multe despre acest subiect, saptamâna viitoare.</p>
<p>Surse info: <a href="http://www.skepticalscience.com/sixth-mass-extinction.html">http://www.skepticalscience.com/sixth-mass-extinction.html</a>, <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7336/full/nature09678.html">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7336/full/nature09678.html</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event</a>, <a href="http://www.livescience.com/1752-greatest-mysteries-mass-extinctions.html">http://www.livescience.com/1752-greatest-mysteries-mass-extinctions.html</a>, Jackson, R., Mallon, D., McCarthy, T., Chundaway, R.A. &amp; Habib, B. 2008. Panthera uncia. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. &lt;www.iucnredlist.org&gt;. Downloaded on 18 June 2012.</p>
<p>Surse foto :<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RrujjPakdIo/Tw8ah3nieBI/AAAAAAAAE0c/bwR5tnE-ZBQ/s1600/Snow-Leopard.jpg"> http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RrujjPakdIo/Tw8ah3nieBI/AAAAAAAAE0c/bwR5tnE-ZBQ/s1600/Snow-Leopard.jpg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event</a>
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